Mallousi, Katerina

2016-02-18T01:00:21Z

https://repository.ihu.edu.gr//xmlui/handle/11544/12444

Subsidies of fossil fuels and renewable energy sources

Fossil fuels

Renewable energy sources

Renewable energy sources--Environmental aspects

free

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2016-02-15

Abstract ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................... iii Acknowledgements ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ . iv 1 Introduction ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 10 2 Energy and sustainable development ................................ ................................ ............................ 12 2.1 Defining sustainable development ................................ ................................ ........................ 12 2.2 Energy's role in sustainable development ................................ ................................ .............. 13 2.3 Public policies and the energy sector ................................ ................................ .................... 14 3 Defining, Measuring and Estimating Energy Subsidies ................................ ................................ 17 3.1 Defining Subsidies ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 17 3.2 Types of Energy Subsidies ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 18 3.3 Objectives for Subsidies ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 21 3.4 Measuring Subsidies ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 23 3.4.1 THE IEA ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 23 3.4.2 THE OECD ................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 23 3.4.3 THE IMF ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 24 3.4.4 The price - gap approach ................................ ................................ ................................ . 25 3.4.5 The inventory approach ................................ ................................ ................................ . 26 3.4.6 Comparing the different methodologies ................................ ................................ ........ 26 3.5 The Global Picture of Subsidies ................................ ................................ ............................ 28 4 Renewable Energy Subsidies ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 37 4.1 Global Trends in Renewable Energy ................................ ................................ ..................... 37 4.2 Arguments for subsidizing renewable energy ................................ ................................ ....... 39 4.3 Support Mechanisms for Renewable Energy Sources ................................ ........................... 41 4.3.1 Feed - In Tariffs ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 42 4.3.2 Feed - in premiums ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 44 4.3.3 Fiscal Incentives ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 44 4.3.4 Pr eferential tax credits ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 45 4.3.5 Infrastructure Support ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 45 4.3.6 Renewable Portfolio Standards ................................ ................................ ..................... 45 4.3.7 Competitive auctions ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 46 4.4 The Global Picture of Renewable Energy Subsidies ................................ ............................. 47 5 Effects of Subsidies ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 51 vi 5.1 Economic Effects of Subsidies ................................ ................................ .............................. 51 5.2 Social Effects of Subsidies ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 52 5.3 Environmental Effects of Subsidies ................................ ................................ ...................... 54 6 Reforming Fossil fuel subsidies ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 57 6.1 Grounds for subsidy reform ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 57 6. 2 Implications of phasing - out fossil fuel subsidies ................................ ................................ .. 58 6.3 Barriers to Reform ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 61 6.4 Analytical Framework for phasing - out fossil fuel subsidies ................................ ................. 63 7 Subsidy Reform Experiences ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 65 7.1 MENA Region ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 65 7.1.1 Iran ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 65 7.1.2 Saudi Arabia ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 68 7.1.3 Egypt ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................. 69 7.2 India ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 70 7.3 China ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 72 7.4 Russia ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 73 7.5 The United States ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 74 7.6 European Union ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 75 8 Lessons Lear ned ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ 77 8.1 Initial Conditions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 77 8.2 Design ing a successful subsidy reform ................................ ................................ ................. 78 8.2.1 Demonstrating the goal of reform ................................ ................................ ................. 79 8.2.2 Implementation of market reforms ................................ ................................ ................ 80 8.2.3 Addressing the impacts of subsidy reform ................................ ................................ .... 81 8.2.4 Communicating reform benefits ................................ ................................ .................... 82 9 Conclusions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 85 10 References ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ . 89

Martinopoulos, Georgios

IHU

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