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This dissertation was written as part of the MSc in Bioeconomy: Biotechnology and Law at the International Hellenic University. The first section of this study deals with the appearance of the phenomenon of eutrophication which constitutes a complex and dynamic process driven by enrichment of water by nutrients. Eutrophication in combination with climate change stimulates the appearance of harmful algal blooms (HABs) which have a global distribution. The present study focus on HABs events in coastal areas of Mediterranean basins (South-Eastern, South-Western, North Western Mediterranean Sea, Adriatic and Aegean Sea) highlighting the ones which constitute a more representative example. The main accountable algal taxa for these HABs events, which either appear seasonally or in a stochastic manner, are dinoflagellates and diatoms. The second part includes a case study of Greek coastal areas namely the Gulfs of Evoikos, Malliakos, Amvrakikos, Kavala, Pagassitikos, Saronikos, and Thermaikos. In these areas recurrent HABs events have been documented during the past years, whereas Saronikos along with Thermaikos Gulf represent the most strongly affected areas. The main driver for these HABs is anthropogenic eutrophication deriving from increased urbanization and human activities. Thus, anthropogenic activities combined with climate change facilitates the establishment of many alien species which invade the Mediterranean Sea, increasing the incidence of HABs and threatening the native biological diversity. In regard to public health, environment, and human well-being, HABs have been reported as sources of HAB-related illnesses, damages on ecosystem and socioeconomy. In conclusion, all these negative impacts of HABs could be diminished by the implementation of control and management strategies which could be further enhanced through the improvement of preventive measures and the exchange of knowledge and good practices between the involved parties.